For heavy equipment contractors, trailers are a lifeline for transporting machinery, materials, and tools to and from job sites. A properly maintained trailer is essential for safety, compliance, and efficiency. Regular inspections can help you avoid costly breakdowns, ensure the safety of your crew and equipment, and keep your business running smoothly. Below are detailed tips to help you master the art of trailer inspections.

Pre-Trip Walkaround Inspection

Before hitting the road, take time to perform a thorough walkaround inspection. Start by visually scanning the trailer for any obvious damage, such as cracked welds, rusted components, or bent structural elements. Even small imperfections can worsen under the stress of heavy loads and road conditions. Check to ensure the trailer is level when loaded, as an uneven load can lead to unsafe driving conditions, tire wear, or structural strain. Confirm that the load is evenly distributed, both side-to-side and front-to-back, as an imbalanced load increases the risk of trailer sway or rollovers during transport.

Check Tires and Wheels

Tires are a critical component of trailer safety, and they endure significant stress when carrying heavy loads. During your inspection:

• Tread depth: Measure the tread depth on all tires, and ensure it meets or exceeds the manufacturer’s recommendations. Uneven wear can indicate alignment or suspension issues, both of which should be addressed immediately to avoid further damage.
• Air pressure: Use a reliable pressure gauge to check the air pressure in each tire. Proper inflation is essential for maintaining load capacity, improving fuel efficiency, and reducing the risk of blowouts. Refer to the trailer’s manual for the recommended pressure level.
• Sidewalls: Carefully inspect tire sidewalls for cracks, cuts, bulges, or punctures. Even small imperfections can lead to tire failure under load.
• Lug nuts and hubs: Verify that all lug nuts are securely tightened to the manufacturer’s torque specifications. Check the hubs for any leaks or signs of overheating, as these can indicate failing bearings or seals.

Examine Lights and Electrical Systems

A properly functioning lighting system is essential for safety and compliance with DOT regulations. Test the trailer’s:

• Brake lights and turn signals: Replace any bulbs that are dim, flickering, or burned out. Malfunctioning lights can lead to accidents and fines.
• Wiring harness: Inspect the wiring harness for any frayed wires, loose connections, or corrosion. Water, dirt, and vibration can damage electrical systems over time, so it’s important to check regularly.
• Reflectors and tape: Ensure all reflectors and reflective tape are clean and intact. These components enhance visibility in low-light conditions, especially when traveling on busy highways or in bad weather.

Inspect Brakes

Trailers carrying heavy equipment demand a reliable braking system to ensure safe operation. Regularly inspect:

• Brake pads and shoes: Check for excessive wear or contamination from grease and oil. Replace them as needed to maintain optimal stopping power.
• Hydraulic lines and air brakes: Look for leaks, cracks, or signs of deterioration in hydraulic and air brake lines. These systems must be free of leaks to operate effectively.
• Brake controller: Test the brake controller in the tow vehicle to ensure it communicates properly with the trailer’s braking system. If the brakes feel unresponsive or inconsistent, the controller may need adjustment or repair.

Assess the Hitch and Coupling Devices

The hitch is the vital connection between your tow vehicle and trailer. Neglecting this component can lead to serious safety issues. During your inspection:

• Coupler and ball: Ensure the coupler fits snugly over the hitch ball and shows no signs of cracking or deformation. The hitch ball must be the correct size for the coupler and free of excessive wear or damage.
• Safety chains: Verify that the safety chains are securely attached to both the trailer and tow vehicle. Inspect the chains for rust, damage, or weak links, and ensure they have enough slack for turns without dragging on the ground.
• Breakaway system: Test the breakaway cable and battery to confirm that the emergency braking system is functional. This system is designed to stop the trailer if it becomes disconnected from the tow vehicle.

Inspect the Frame and Undercarriage

The frame and undercarriage bear the brunt of the trailer’s load and road conditions. Carefully examine:

• Rust and corrosion: Pay special attention to joints, welds, and mounting points. Surface rust can be treated with rust inhibitors, but deeper corrosion may require professional repairs.
• Cracks or bends: Look for structural damage, especially in high-stress areas. Cracks or deformations can compromise the trailer’s ability to handle heavy loads.
• Suspension components: Inspect springs, bushings, and axles for wear and tear. Broken or misaligned suspension parts can cause uneven tire wear and impact trailer handling.

Check Load Securement

Improperly secured loads are a leading cause of trailer accidents. As part of your inspection:

• Straps and chains: Inspect all tie-downs for signs of wear, such as fraying, rust, or damage. Use only rated straps and chains designed for the weight of your load.
• Tie-down points: Ensure all anchor points are strong, free of cracks, and securely attached to the trailer. Weak or damaged anchor points should be repaired or replaced immediately.
• Load position: Confirm that the load is centered, balanced, and properly secured. Overhanging or shifting loads can destabilize the trailer and increase the risk of accidents.

Inspect Fluids and Lubrication

For trailers with moving parts, such as hydraulic systems or winches, check fluid levels and lubrication points. Look for signs of leaks around seals, hoses, or connections. Keeping components properly lubricated reduces wear and helps them function smoothly under heavy loads.

Seasonal Considerations

Weather conditions can have a significant impact on your trailer’s performance.

• Cold weather: In freezing conditions, check for ice buildup on brakes, lights, and locks. Use de-icing products to prevent components from freezing shut.
• Hot weather: In high temperatures, monitor tire pressure closely to prevent blowouts and check for overheating wheel hubs. Heat can also accelerate wear on lubricants and fluids, so inspect these more frequently in the summer months.

Keep Records and Schedule Regular Maintenance

Documentation is key to staying proactive about trailer maintenance. Keep detailed records of inspections, repairs, and maintenance schedules. A logbook helps you track wear patterns and address small issues before they turn into costly breakdowns.